RAM COMMANDER
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RAM Commander is a Reliability
and Maintainability software for reliability professionals
and design engineers. This powerful software program covers
the entire scope of engineering tasks related to reliability
of electronic, electro-mechanical, and mechanical systems.
RAM Commander is modular software allowing a customer
the flexibility of gradual addition of the modules to
the package in accordance with the requirements of a project
or the budget constraints.
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Prediction
Methods |
MIL-HDBK-217
TR332 - Bellcore Issue 6
SR332 - Telcordia 2001
RDF 95 - French Telecom
UTEC 80810 (CNET 2000)
HRD - British Telecom
GJB299 - Chinese Standard
IRPH93 - Italtel
ALCATEL
RADC 85-91
NPRD-95
NSWC-98/LE1 Mechanics
Siemens SN 29500-1
FIDES
IEC 62380 |
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Reliability Prediction

RAM Commander provides everything necessary for primary
reliability prediction based on one of the prediction
models for electronic equipment, mechanical and electro-mechanical
equipment. Graphical presentation of the projects Product
Tree allows visibility and easy data manipulation. |
Performing reliability allocation, Pareto analysis, RAM sensitivity
analysis producing temperature curves and mission profile
are extremely easy with RAM Commander.
| RAM Commander produces all commonly required reliability
reports and allows the user to define customized reports. |
RAM
Tasks |
Prediction
Sensitivity analysis & trade-offs
R & M allocation/apportionment
RAM Data management
Field failure rates conversion
Mission Profile Analysis
ILS/LSA Support
RBD with Monte Carlo simulation
Reliability estimation of various system configurations
Spare Parts optimization
Derating guidelines and reports
Fault Tree Analysis
Risk Analysis |
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| Pareto Report. Pareto analysis identifies
components or component families that contribute most
significantly to system or assembly failure rate - about
80% of total failure rate |
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| Temperature Curve Report. Presents the failure
rate or MTBF as a unction of temperature: regular, multi-environment
& multi-items on one graph. |
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Field Failure Rate Module |
Reliability Block Diagram (RBD)

RBD module allows performing the functional Reliability and
Availability analysis of systems with variety of reliability
distributions, and types of redundancy and repair factors.
While the basic RAM Commander module provides the reliability
calculations and predictions for non-redundant systems, RBD
utilizes data defined in the basic module, and performs either
analytical calculation or Monte Carlo simulation depending
on the type of a reliability configuration of the system.
RBD-supported
configurations |
Series
Parallel
K-out-of-N with active (hot) redundancy
K-out-of-N with stand-by (cold) redundancy
Partially loaded K-out-of-N - warm redundancy
K-out-of-N w/repair, w/o repair, w/restricted repair
K-out-of-N with Switch |
The analytical technique
is used mostly for exponential distributions. For each RBD,
a graph of the reliability function R(t) can be drawn and
MTBCF (Mean Time Between Critical Failures) can be calculated
using numeric integration.
| Monte Carlo simulation
with its' high speed, accuracy, and large number of steps
allows to evaluate Reliability and Availability for arbitrary
configurations when there is no analytical solution, i.e.
complex configurations, including standby, partially loaded
and active redundancy; full or restricted repair with
non-exponential distribution of time-to-repair; analysis
under non-steady, transient state; dependent RBD elements;
analysis of periodical inspection policy. |
Distributions |
Exponential
Normal
Log-Normal
Weibull
Erlang
Uniform |
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Reliability Block Diagram and MTBCF
graph |
System Configuration feature of the RBD
module is an ingenious answer to the requests of our customers
who need to compare the reliability and availability of
various system configurations created as the sub-sets
of the project product tree. The creation of the unlimited
number of system configurations, easy transformation of
each configuration into an RBD, MTBCF calculation, synchronized
with the product tree changes, and finally a clear and
elegant graphical presentation - all this makes the System
Configuration feature an invaluable addition to the RAM
Commander performance.
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System Configuration Table.
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Maintainability

Maintainability Prediction in RAM Commander is based on
the MIL-HDBK-472, Procedure V, Method A. Maintainability
module is used to predict maintainability of systems and
equipment of any type, including avionics, ground and
shipboard electronics, mechanical equipment, etc., at
all levels of maintenance.
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Maintenance Engineering Analysis
report
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Spare Parts analysis and
optimization:

RAM Commander Spare Parts Analysis and Optimization is
based on two cost optimization criteria: Total No Shortage
Probability & Availability. The module performs Cost-Availability
optimization of repairable and discardable parts for all
levels of repair. Spare Parts Analysis and Optimization
module takes into account the variety of mission applications,
e.g., when the primary restriction is weight or volume,
such as for fly-away kits or when no repair or supply
of spare parts is permitted (unsupported mission). Data
entry for the module is minimized due to the usage of
the data used in the RAM project.
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Spare Parts Optimization
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Derating

The Derating module is used to analyze the overstress
of components under current temperature conditions. The
module provides a tool to define Derating curves and identify
overstressed components, i.e., those working under stress
exceeding the specified rating value. Rating, or maximum
rated stress, is the specified value of temperature, power,
voltage or current that define the absolute maximum stress
limits. Exceeding these values creates a high probability
of part damage/failure. |
| The maximum rating is specified in the part specifications
or in standard for this type of part. It is a well known
practice in many companies to define limit values of stress
for various components as a function of temperature. These
limits, "Derating curves", are part of the company
policy of component usage. A report created by the Derating |
Derating
Module Features |
Intended for electronic designers
Common
database with R &M prediction
User-definable Derating Guidelines
Clear indication of overstressed parts in reports |
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module includes all components in the selected part of the
system, or only the overstressed ones. Derating reports with
indication of overstressed parts.
Libraries and Data Import
RAM Commander enables the user to access and use various sources
of reliability information: extensive RAM Commander or user-defined
component libraries, field data or data imported with the
help of Import Wizard.

FMECA

Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is
a natural continuation, and in many cases inseparable part
of the Reliability Analysis. Previously a separate software
package, FMECA is now a fully-integrated RAM Commander module.
FMECA module uses a product tree previously created by the
user for the reliability analysis purposes.

| The RAM Commander FMECA module is suitable
for both hardware and functional approaches to FMECA,
and fully complies with MIL-STD-1629 A, commercial standards,
and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements. |
| RAM Commander FMECA module makes the FMEA process easy
and visible: the product tree and the corresponding to
each item sequence of Failure Modes => Next Higher
Effects => End Effects are totally visible in the same
window. |
FMECA
Libraries |
Components - based on FMD-97
Failure Modes
End Effects & Severities
Failure Mode Full Description
Test methods |
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| Extensive use of the FMECA Libraries facilitates
the process even more and contributes to the accuracy
of the performed analyses and reports. You can perform
both the FMEA and FMECA calculating failure mode ratios,
conditional probabilities and item criticality numbers. |
Testability Analysis

Testability Analysis sub-module of the FMECA module is
intended for in-depth Testability analysis. The main characteristics
of Testability - BIT/Detection Coverage and Fault Isolation
Resolution - can be calculated for each maintenance level
(Organizational, Intermediate, Depot) and for specific
detection methods (BIT, BITE, external test equipment,
etc.). Test method efficiency and indication are defined
for each test method or a group of test methods. |
FMECA
Standard Reports |
FMEA - MIL-STD-1629
FMECA
Criticality Analysis - MIL-STD-1629
End Effects Criticality
Numbers
Criticality Matrix
Fault Tree
NHE Critcality
Test methods
BIT/Detection Coverage
Fault Isolation Resolution |
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| Testability analysis is widely used for
the development of necessary supporting documentation:
maintenance manuals, troubleshooting procedures and inspection
requirements. |

Test coverage report shows the percentage
of failures covered by a chosen test.
Process & Design
FMEA

Formerly a separate package, Process and Design FMEA is now
fully integrated in RAM Commander. This module performs Process/Design
potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. The uniqueness
of the RAM Commander approach to process/design FMEA is reflected
in the graphical presentation of the process flow:

Main window of the RAM Commander Process &
Design FMEA
Decompose the system or process into components or sub-processes.
For each functional block, define name & function, enter
failure mode causes and effects manually or from the libraries.
Process & Design FMEA module provides full graphical and
textual visibility of the Potential Failure Mode => Cause
=> Effects chain.
What
is A Potential Failure Mode? |
| The manner in which a component, subsystem,
or system could potentially fail to meet the design intent.
The potential failure mode could also be the cause of
a potential failure mode in a higher level subsystem or
system, or be the effect of a potential failure |

Edit cause dialog contains corrective actions
and RPN (risk priority number
Process and Design FMEA produce all the reports required
by PFMEA: design FMEA, Process FMEA, Pareto analysis, regular
FMEA with all NHE, basic fault tree
Process/Design
FMEA Features |
Compliant with AIAG and QS-9000 PFMEA
Supports the concurrent updating of FMEA documents
Compliant with safety and hazard analysis standards
Assures isolation and elimination of all critical failure
modes & causes
Facilitates processing of experts' occurrence and detection
assessments |
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

****See also
LOGAN Fault & Event
Tree Analysis
for an alternative
FT & ET Analysis Tool*****
RAM Commander's FTA module is the one of the unique features of
the RAM Commander. It is simplified
FT
Analyzer, fully integrated with RAM Commander product tree
and FMECA. It implements and summarizes the first-hand
experience gained by the A.L.D. FTA experts in hundreds of
projects using RAM Commander and other FTA software.

Main window of the RAM Commander Fault
Tree Analysis Module
FTA
Features |
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Up-to-date, intuitive and
powerful fault tree diagram interface allowing full control
over the diagram: elements location, colors, styles, zooms,
etc.
Handy methods for diagram printing and simple Copy & Paste
transfer to other applications
Easy to use Events Library
Calculation of Unavailability, Mean Unavailability, and
Minimal Cut Sets
Calculation of Importance and Sensitivity
Set of required reports - FTA diagram, MCS, events library
etc.
Link between FTA and the product tree
Link between FTA and FMECA modules
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Fault Trees are one of the
most widely used methods in system reliability and failure
probability analysis. A fault tree is a graphical representation
of a logical structure representing undesired events
("failures") and their causes. You create the logical structure
by using gates and represent undesired events by using basic
events. Reliability parameters are assigned to the basic events.
Widely used in system reliability studies, fault tree analysis
offers the ability to focus on an event of importance, such as a
highly critical safety issue, and work to minimize its
occurrence or consequence. The probability of the top-level
event can then be determined by using mathematical techniques.
The resulting fault tree diagram is a graphical representation
of the chain of events in your system or process, built using
events and logical gate configurations.

Two types of analysis can be conducted
using Fault Trees:
- Qualitative Analysis: performed by
means of Minimal Cut Sets (MCS) building
- Quantitative Analysis: calculating
the Absolute probabilities, i.e. the probabilities of system
failures

Example of FTA Unavailability
and MCS Analysis report
Fault Tree Analysis is acknowledged as
a key tool for increasing safety. It is unique and
indispensable in analyzing risks and determining various
combinations of hardware, software, and human error
failures that result in a specified risk or system
failure. Fault tree analysis is useful both in designing
new products/services and in dealing with identified
problems in existing products/services. In the quality
planning process, the analysis can be used to optimize
process features and goals and to design for critical
factors and human error. As part of process improvement,
it can be used to help identify root causes of trouble and
to design remedies and countermeasures.
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